The Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano - 1701 Words

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, is a personal autobiography of himself, Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, documenting the hardships of slavery throughout his lifetime. Equiano writes one of the best primary sources from a slave’s perspective and master’s perspective during slavery. Equiano does not hold back on the horrors of what traveling as a slave from West Indies to North America was really like. Olaudah Equiano shares his heart wrenching journey through the brutality of slavery experienced at such young age to him mastering economics and being able to free himself from slavery. Freedom and salvation are reoccurring parallel themes throughout this autobiography. Although Equiano’s story has been questioned†¦show more content†¦Just when the reader had thought it couldn’t get worse for the troubled boy, he aches, â€Å"we were soon deprived of even the small comfort of weeping together.† Even after he shares with us that he has been thrown in a sack and basically deprived of his basic human rights, this was a new rock bottom for Equiano. No love, no shelter, no family. It’s the horrible details Equiano writes about that gives the reader mental images of him being torn from his family and village and sold into slavery with his sister in North America and West Indies. It isn’t until later on where Equiano and his sister reconnect. Equiano weeps of deep emotion as he and his sister reunite, and persuades the reader how terrible the masters were for tearing them apart. â€Å"When these people knew we were brother and sister they indulged us together; and the man, to whom I supposed we belonged, lay with us, he in the middle, while she and I held one another by the hands across his breast all night; and thus for a while we forgot our misfortunes in the joy of being together: but even this small comfort was soon to have an end; for scarcely had the fatal morning appeared, when she was again torn from me for ever!† The context of this piece and descriptive, heart wrenching words Equiano uses appeals to the pathos side of his story. This emotional plea helps the reader grasp what it must have felt like to be reunited and torn, yet again from a beloved. It is the sameShow MoreRelatedThe Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano1123 Words   |  5 Page sMatter Where Olaudah Equiano Was Born? The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, by Olaudah Equiano, can be described as one of the most successful literary prose written by an African-American up to the start of the Civil War. Autobiographies were not considered a form genre in the literary field at the time it was published in 1789 and few books that had been produced in America gave such garish, solid and adventurous narratives. Equiano s narrativeRead MoreA Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano1246 Words   |  5 PagesCaptivity narratives were popular with readers in both America and the European continent during the era of North and South American discovery and colonization. They related the experiences of whites being enslaved by Native Americans and of Africans being enslaved by whites. Two captivity narratives that were widely read during the time are A Narrative of the Capture and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson by Mary Rowlandson and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah EquianoRead MoreEquiano s Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano1367 Words   |  6 PagesOlaudah Equiano, the author of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano was captured in Africa and sold into slavery. Later in life, he purchased his freedom and wrote his autobiography in 1789. Equiano experienced hardships beyond imaging in his years as a slave and oftentimes witnessed extensive c ruelty by whites towards Africans. Equiano s experience of the Atlantic slave trade and middle passage as we understand it today was typical of a regular captive. The Atlantic slave tradeRead MoreOlaudah Equiano s Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pages Olaudah Equiano, also known as Gustavus Vassa, traveled much of the world encountering a variety of people from different cultures and backgrounds. In Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, the author witnesses how slavery was imbedded in the economic and social values of his day and age, through the experiences of others as well as himself. Having numerous relationships with people of differing religions, socioeconomic statuses, and principles, he developed a uniqueRead MoreEquiano : The Interesting Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano987 Words   |  4 Pagesunimaginable in our society. Olaudah Equiano was former enslaved African who wrote an autobiography The Inter esting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, which he fully goes into great detail about his encounter with slavery. Equiano was born in 1745 in the province of Igbo which is town in the country of Nigeria. Equiano describes his father who was an Embrenche, which is a chief or a respect leader in the community who helped decide conflicts and punished crimes. For instance Equiano recalls that adulteryRead MoreEquiano s Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the book The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Equiano tries to say that he is just an ordinary person, but this cannot be the case. He survives several ship wrecks, learns to read and write, and is able to buy his freedom. This is far from ordinary and borderlines with extraordinary. As he describes his adventures he starts by telling you a depressing story of how his sister got separated from him. This sets up the reader to know that there is plenty more traged y toRead MoreOlaudah Equiano s Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah1993 Words   |  8 PagesInteresting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano is a classical and well known slave Narrative. Olaudah Equiano who also goes by the name of Gustavus Vassa his given name was born in 1745 in a part of Africa that is now known as Nigeria. . Olaudah Equino’s narrative tells the story of his travels as a slave and then as a freeman through the Artic, North and Central America, the West Indies, Europe and Great Britain. This narrative was first published in 1789 and was written by him. When Equiano wasRead MoreEquiano s From The Interesting Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano980 Words   |  4 PagesOlaudah Equiano’s â€Å"From the Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano† is written with the intent of ending the slave trade and aiding the abolitionists’ movement. His narrative tells his personal story of kidnapping, being sold into slavery and his experience in the middle passage. According to this account Olaudah Equiano grew up in Africa with a large family. He was captured and sold into slavery at age eleven. As an adult he became an opposing voice to slavery. This autobiography was publishedRead MoreOlaudah Equiano s Narrative Of Slavery1061 Words   |  5 PagesOlaudah Equiano was one of the most famous black men in the history of slavery who was fortunate enough to purchase his own freedom. In addition, Equiano becomes extremely popular by writing his first slave narrative in 1789. In his autobiography named The interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano he emphasized various aspects of slavery throughout the entire book. In the narrative, he establishes his perspective about himself, God and Slavery. He was definably a man of motivation forRead MoreThe Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano exists as an extremely important work in the abolitionist movement in England. As an 18th century narrative written by a former black slave the novel provides a glimpse into the lives of the African slaves involved in the slave trade as well as the slave traders themselves. Even with the controversy over the authenticity of Equiano’s claims on his origin in Africa and his subsequent voyage through the Middle Passage, this novel serves

How to Do the Barking Dog Chemistry Demonstration

The Barking Dog chemistry demonstration is based on an exothermic reaction between nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide and carbon disulfide. Ignition of the mixture in a long tube results in a bright blue chemiluminescent flash, accompanied by a characteristic barking or woofing sound. Materials for the Barking Dog Demonstration Stoppered glass tube containing N2O (nitrous oxide) or NO (nitrogen monoxide or nitric oxide). You can prepare and collect nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide yourself.CS2, carbon disulfideLighter or match How to Perform the Barking Dog Demonstration Unstopper the tube of nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide to add a few drops of carbon disulfide.Immediately re-stopper the container.Swirl the contents around to mix the nitrogen compound and carbon disulfide.Light a match or lighter. Unstopper the tube and ignite the mixture. You can throw a lit match into the tube or use a long-handled lighter.The flame front will move rapidly, creating a bright blue chemiluminescent flash and a barking or woofing sound. You can re-light the mixture a few times. After the demonstration is performed, you can see sulfur coating the inside of the glass tube. Safety Information This demonstration should be prepared and performed inside a fume hood by a person wearing safety goggles. Carbon disulfide is toxic and has a low flash point. What Is Happening in the Barking Dog Demonstration? When the nitrogen monoxide or nitrous oxide is mixed with carbon disulfide and ignited, a combustion wave travels down the tube. If the tube is long enough you can follow the progression of the wave. The gas ahead of the wavefront is compressed and explodes at a distance determined by the length of the tube (which is why when you re-ignite the mixture, the barking sounds in harmonics). The bright blue light that accompanies the reaction is one of the few examples of a chemiluminescent reaction that occurs in the gas phase. The exothermic decomposition reaction between nitrogen monoxide (oxidizer) and carbon disulfide (fuel) forms nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and elemental sulfur. 3 NO CS2 → 3/2 N2 CO SO2 1/8 S8 4 NO CS2 → 2 N2 CO2 SO2 1/8 S8 Notes about the Barking Dog Reaction This reaction was performed by Justus von Liebig in 1853 using nitrogen monoxide and carbon disulfide. The demonstration was so well-received that Liebig performed it a second time, although this time there was an explosion (Queen Therese of Bavaria received a minor wound on the cheek). Its possible the nitrogen monoxide in the second demonstration was contaminated with oxygen, to form nitrogen dioxide. There is also a safer alternative to this project that you can do with or without a lab.

Stone Cold Definitions What is a Family Free Essays

American society is an interesting place: we value individualism and celebrate freedom, and strive for being the best in all that we do.   The road to achieving this is not an easy one, but as a nation, we understand this.   We train our children gradually by setting small tasks for them. We will write a custom essay sample on Stone Cold Definitions: What is a Family? or any similar topic only for you Order Now    These tasks are designed to help our children â€Å"practice† for their imminent involvement in the â€Å"real† world, and it is the hope of those who create these â€Å"practice† sessions that children will grow into adults who are well-adjusted, productive Americans. This training includes learning to do a variety of things—from the mundane to the complex—primarily by trial and error.   We put training wheels on bicycles; we spread education out over a period of twenty-plus years; we encourage part-time jobs before careers and raising a pet to learn the value of life and the seriousness of responsibility; however, when it comes to creating a family, we act like it is an all-or-nothing affair.   We define it in a single way, and access it as â€Å"successful† only in the extremist of circumstances.   American society may value individualism, celebrate freedom, and strive for perfection, but it can be an extraordinarily judgmental place for those who fall outside the parameters of the traditional definition of â€Å"family.† Barbara Kingsolver examines the definition of â€Å"family† in her piece, â€Å"Stone Soup: What Does It Mean To Be a Family, Anyway?†Ã‚   Her conclusion: that the defined parameters are simply too narrow and that America’s continuing to use this false standard is detrimental to all people. There can be little doubt that the United States values individualism; however, it seems as though individualism is only acceptable if the involved party conforms to preconceived norms and moral standards set by the majority when exercising this right to be â€Å"individual.†Ã‚   Barbara Kingsolver asks readers â€Å"in the catalog of family values, where do we rank an occasion such as this?† (305). She is referring to a child’s soccer game and the fact that the child in question is surrounded by primary and extended family members—an entire cheering section of his own, but that social construct calls his family â€Å"broken† (305).   Obviously, â€Å"Andy† is not suffering for lack of anything while playing soccer—there is nothing at all â€Å"broken† about him or the people who make up his family.   Kingsolver’s point is powerful, and she demands each of us step back and consider the reason for family and the parameters by which the success of this configuration of people is judged. The point of people joining together to create a unified structure (i.e. a â€Å"family†) is to strengthen the one by adding others.   The make-up of the family structure is rather arbitrary, and as Kingsolver points out, in other countries as well as in America’s past, the presence of several generations under one roof was commonplace (308).   Modern society has changed the basic dynamic of â€Å"family,† expecting the branching out of children as they reach adulthood, and the defining of parenting â€Å"success† by an offspring’s financial and familial productivity out in the world. This does not sound at all like the makings of a strong â€Å"individual†; it sounds very much like a cookie-cutter environment churning out cookie-cutter people.   Kingsolver points out that â€Å"there’s a current in the air with ferocious moral force [. . .] claiming there is only one right way to do it, the Way It Has Always Been† and expresses how nonsensical this attitude is (305). If we operated under the guise of â€Å"the Way It Has Always Been,† we’d still have slavery, children working in sweat shops, women who had no control over their own money, legalized domestic violence, etc.   Part of this nation’s strength comes from its ability to recognize flaws in its operations, make the necessary changes, and move on.   Why are we so slow to apply this to family?   As Kingsolver puts it, â€Å"this narrow view [of family] is so pickled and absurd I’m astonished that it gets airplay† (305).   Simply put, a group of people who join together to perform everyday tasks, including caring for a child/children, paying bills, maintaining a home, and caring for one another is a family. People who were born before the internet, cellular phones, and the microwave oven survived, and many of them continue to do so without having adapted or integrated any of those items into their daily lives.   Those of us who make use of modern technology are not harmed by the lack of understanding or participation of those who choose to remain â€Å"behind† the times. However, those who insist on the â€Å"traditional† definition of â€Å"family† and persist in applying derogatory terms to the variety of familial make-ups that have become more prevalent are harming those who choose to acknowledge familial advances.   â€Å"Divorce, remarriage, single parenthood, gay parents, and blended families simply are. They’re facts of our time† (307). It seems odd that in a nation that is so sold on individuality and freedom of choice that it has  begun to package cheese in balls, slabs, individually wrapped slices, and sticks that we shy away  from a multi-faceted definition of family.   Perhaps the problem is the way in which people look  at things.   Can it be that only a single parent struggling to get by understands that the slab is  cheapest, and that it has the added benefit of one’s being able to cut it and wrap it in a variety of  sizes and shapes that can be determined based on need?   Isn’t this a simple, physical example of  the old adage that anyway you slice a thing, it is still the thing?   Does it really matter what the  make-up of the family is as long as it fulfills it goals?   There are legitimate reasons for the  changes seen in the modern family. â€Å"Some of the reasons listed by sociologists for these family  reconstructions are: the idea of marriage as a romantic partnership rather than a pragmatic one; a  shift in women’s expectations, from servility to self-respect and independence; and longevity† (Kingsolver 307). Prepare a list of the things a person might fight hardest for in terms of â€Å"freedom,† and the freedom to choose a life partner has got to be near the top, and this freedom is not about one’s orientation: it is about one’s freedom—period.   Whether straight or gay, single or married, the freedom to enter into or leave a relationship seems fundamental. Barbara Kingsolver discusses her preconceived notion of marriage and divorce: a notion that was constructed by the society in which she grew up—the society that continues to exist in America (306).   She admits to her naà ¯ve belief that in choosing a mate one could not err, and admitted that â€Å"once upon a time [she believed . . ] that everyone who [divorced] could have chosen not to do it.   That it’s a lazy way out of marital problems.   That it selfishly puts personal happiness ahead of family integrity,† but having lived her life and gone through a divorce, she now sees that this is simply not true. This bursts not only the bubble of her expectations, it places the rest of her family, including her children, into a category that implies imperfection and an inability to perform up to expected standards.   Kingsolver equates the â€Å"judg[ing of] a family’s value by its tidy symmetry is to purchase a book for its cover† (308).   Oddly, the â€Å"children of divorce† are profoundly unaffected in many ways, and where adults see defeat, they see the opportunity to have two different homes and two sets of things as advantageous.   Certainly this isn’t always the case—as it is not always the case that a child raised in a â€Å"traditional family† goes unscathed.   Each situation and each experience is—dare I say—individual. The closing anecdote in Barbara Kingsolver’s piece places the term Stone Soup in to context, and it is in this recollection that real advice can be seen.   While the story hinges on the soldiers’ plan, what happens all around them is of equal importance.   The message in the story is that both sides must be ready and willing to accept their opposition: the hungry soldiers gave in to the townspeople who in turn gave in to the hungry soldiers, and in the end, everyone is better for having shared. The same is true of the modern family.   No one should be forced to give up the ideal of â€Å"family† anymore than anyone should give up the ideal of having a cupboard filled with food; however, everyone has got to be willing to acknowledge that their definition of â€Å"family† is relative—much like the â€Å"full† cupboard, and often simply adding to the pot what you can is sufficient. Work Cited Kingsolver, Barbara.   â€Å"Stone Soup: What Does It Mean To Be a Family, Anyway?†Ã‚   The McGraw-Hill Reader: Issues Across Time.   8th ed.   Ed. Gilbert H. Muller.   LaGuardia: City U. of New York, 2003.   305-310. How to cite Stone Cold Definitions: What is a Family?, Essay examples

Physical Health and Wellness Study of Jason †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Physical Health and Wellness Study of Jason. Answer: Introduction The paper deals with the case study of Jason, a 29-year-old married man suffering from whiplash injury, which persists in creating pain and discomfort, especially if he uses his computer for too long without a break. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the case and apply the wellness wheel and the biopsychosocial model to it. Lastly, the paper presents the action plan for Jason to address his issues. Main issues- Biopsychosocial model The biopsychosocial model presented by George Engel emphasise on the intricate variable interaction of various factors that attributes disease. These are biological, social and psychological factors. The biological model refers to biochemical and genetic conditions that led to disease. Mood, behaviour and personality are the psychological factors that determine the health beliefs of the patients and the behaviours of the health care providers. The social factors encompass family support, cultural factors, socioeconomic condition and medical parameters (Wade Halligan, 2017). The main issues arising from the case study are of biological, psychological and social nature. The biological issue faced by Jason is Whiplash injury, which prevents him from using computer for too long time. He is experiencing neck pain and discomfort. He is need of intense rest and physiotherapy. The psychological issues faced by Jason are- Fear of losing income with increasing absenteeism at work due to neck pain and discomfort while working on computer Lack of empathy at workplace causing distress- Jason fears losing work cover insurance Added financial burden as Jason is the sole income earner Jason has to support his wife who is homemaker and 3 year old child Lack of financial support will hamper the medication and treatment of Jason The social issues faced by Jason are lack of cooperation and empathy from his supervisor at workplace. His work cover insurance is at stake, as the insurers perceive that whiplash injury is the minor problem. They feel that Jason absenteeism from work to attend doctors appointment is not justified. They demand valid reason for the week off and ten half days of leave, although Jason has stated he was undergoing physiotherapy. Critical analysis of the impact of the issues Chronic pain is the prime concern of Jason in the case study. The dynamic relationship existing among the biopsychosocial factors plays a significant role in chronic pain. In addition, the emotional and the cognitive factors also come into play. Biological changes such as damage to the tendons and ligaments in neck region ultimately manifest as poor mental state and physical health (difficulty in mobility). Emotional balance is lost due to biological and physical changes (Wade Halligan, 2017).). According to McCracken and Vowles, (2014) chronic pain have several long-term effects but without obvious physical cause. Sometimes the lingering problem such as stiffness, headache or dizziness, anxiety or weakness is caused by cognitive factors. Anxiety and depression are known as affective factors. Jason may involve in over thinking about the physical illness, which may decrease self-confidence. Patients sometimes engage in catastrophic thinking and fear of losing social and personal life after an illness. The same was the case of Jason. He was anxious due to lack of social support. He was burdened with illness and fear of losing money. The other cognitive factors associated with the chronic pain are avoidance and acceptance. Acceptance of pain leads to value based actions (McCracken Vowles, 2013). The intensity of the pain is influenced by self-efficacy. A person with low self-efficacy may suffer for longer period with disability even if a condition like whiplash injury was minor. A patient with high self-efficacy may continue to have normal social and work life after injury. This may include behavioural factors such as reinforcement process and interaction with the environment (Jackson et al., 2014). As per the cognitive behavioural theory, every individual have different cognitive abilities and it refers to the ability of interpreting the nature of the reality. This factor influences the coping strategy during chronic pain (Ehde et al., 2014). As per the social communication model of pain, the social environment shapes the beliefs and attitude of an individual towards health and illness. Poor health beliefs such feeling of victimisation after injury negatively affects treatment outcomes (Craig, 2009). In conclusion, chronic pain and mental distress are outcome of interaction of these factors. Wellness Wheel The wellness wheel model is the formwork that helps to determine the factors mot effecting the client during illness. This model has six dimensions determining wellness. It includes Intellectual, physical, emotional, social, spiritual, social and occupational. All these dimensions are interconnected. These dimensions are important for having balanced lifestyle. This wheel of wellness is developed by Sweeney and Witmer (1991) and Witmer and Sweeney (1992). This model is based on individual psychology. Using these dimensions, a person can engage in self-reflection, to initiate changes for wellness promotion (Kwon, 2015). Application of Wellness wheel model to Jasons case study Upon critically analysing the Jasons case study, the two dimensions that is disturbing the lifestyle balance of the patient are- social and emotional dimensions. According to Williams et al. (2014), emotional wellness of an individual refers to ability of understanding, sharing and managing the feelings. It is the level, to which an individual is enthusiastic about life, in fulfilling personal relationships, and coping up with challenges. Jason is currently unable to manage and accept his feelings. One hand he is trying to cope up with illness and on the other hand, he is facing financial crisis. He has the responsibility to run his family. Jason is losing the work life balance and he is unable to cope up with stress caused. Since Jason has come to me for support, it is indicating that he is taking step towards enhancing emotional wellness. As per Kwon (2015), the social wellness refers to ability of an individual to interact with others and relate to maintain positive relationship in the community. Social network is important for healthy life. For men, disturbance in social life at workplace cause fear of unemployment and loss of money. The sense of well being in case of Jason is thus, related to employment and the negative aspect. Lack of cooperation from the insurers is decreasing the energy level of Jason. Poor social wellness leads to loss of skills to interact with others in community. Action plan for the client Cope up with stress Change in perception Engage in self reflection Strengthening the social life Apply stress management strategies Address internal and external stressors to better focus on occupation- Acceptance and commitment therapy The client needs to identify his belief system and its negative outcomes The client must analyse if the belief does promote well being Writing journal to keep the track of thoughts Can be practiced thrice a week for twenty minutes. Improve the social network by- Investing more time for family and friends Enjoy the time spend with others Explore the diversity by interacting with people from different cultures. Rationale Jason must recognise if his stress is overwhelmed by anxiety and fear. The manner in which a person responds to internal and external stimulus determines the coping mechanism (McCracken Vowles, 2014). Jason must come to terms with external factors such as financial burden as it was not under his control. Reducing stress will lead to quick recovery from neck pain and discomfort. In order to manage conflicts in life, Jason requires to change his thought process. He must change his thinking style to change his perception. Jason must analyse the outcomes of present thinking patterns and identify the mistaken beliefs. Jason should rationalise his thoughts with strong evidence. If his thoughts are not promoting his wellness, then there is a need to change his belief system that would lead to good health (Lightsey et al., 2014). New beliefs can be established by avoiding over thinking, feeling guilty and avoiding personalisation (Vallejo Amaro, 2009). For instance, Jason can perceive his supervisor has positive person as he just conveyed the message of the insurer. Perceiving this as negative situation is called over thinking. Jason should not feel victimised for his illness as it is no ones choice. Further Jason should find alternate solution to money and address the financial crisis. Focussing only on problem will not resolve any issue. According to Niles et al. (2014), journal writing is the effective means to cope up with the stress. It will help identify the triggers of stressors and if they are internal or external. By keeping the track of thoughts, an individual can improve self-awareness. It is the record that will analyse the factors causing stress, anxiety, or frustration. The client can also rate the intensity of stress on the scale of 10. This record keeping of thoughts will help identify any conflict or challenge. Thus, Jason must involve in self-reflection. A good social bonding with friends and family increases self-confidence and self-esteem. Social wellness thus acts as source of motivation. It influences cognition, and behavioural processes. It will increase the energy level, which will minimise stress by making a person more enthusiastic to life (Kwon 2015). Therefore, Jason must strengthen the social life. Conclusion The action plan is based on evidence from literature. Currently, the main emphasis for the client will be on social dimensions. Jason can overcome his stressful situation if he learns to avoid focusing on unpredictable events and work on events that he can control. Conclusively, the biopsychosocial and wellness wheel model are effective in analysing the psychological condition of the client. References Craig, K. D. (2009). The social communication model of pain.Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne,50(1), 22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014772 Ehde, D. M., Dillworth, T. M., Turner, J. A. (2014). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for individuals with chronic pain: Efficacy, innovations, and directions for research.American Psychologist,69(2), 153. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/a0035747 Jackson, T., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Fan, H. (2014). Self-efficacy and chronic pain outcomes: a meta-analytic review.The Journal of pain,15(8), 800-814. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2014.05.002 Kwon, S. H. (2015). Wheel of Wellness Counseling in Community Dwelling, Korean Elders: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing,45(3), 459-468. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.3.459 McCracken, L. M., Vowles, K. E. (2008). A prospective analysis of acceptance of pain and values-based action in patients with chronic pain.Health Psychology,27(2), 215. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.215 McCracken, L. M., Vowles, K. E. (2014). Acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness for chronic pain: Model, process, and progress.American Psychologist,69(2), 178. doi:10.1037/a0035623. Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J. (2008). Wellness counseling: The evidence base for practice.Journal of Counseling Development,86(4), 482-493. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00536.x Niles, A. N., Haltom, K. E. B., Mulvenna, C. M., Lieberman, M. D., Stanton, A. L. (2014). Randomized controlled trial of expressive writing for psychological and physical health: the moderating role of emotional expressivity.Anxiety, Stress Coping,27(1), 1-17. doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.802308 Lightsey, O., Boyraz, G., Ervin, A., Rarey, E., Gharghani, G., Maxwell, D. (2014). Generalized self-efficacy, positive cognitions, and negative cognitions as mediators of the relationship between conscientiousness and meaning in life.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science-Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement,46(3), 436-445. doi:10.1037/a0034022 Shearer, H. M., Carroll, L. J., Wong, J. J., Ct, P., Varatharajan, S., Southerst, D., ... van der Velde, G. M. (2016). Are psychological interventions effective for the management of neck pain and whiplash-associated disorders? A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration.The Spine Journal,16(12), 1566-1581. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.08.011 Vallejo, Z., Amaro, H. (2009). Adaptation of mindfulness-based stress reduction program for addiction relapse prevention. The humanistic psychologist, 37(2), 192-206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08873260902892287 Wade, D. T., Halligan, P. W. (2017). The biopsychosocial model of illness: A model whose time has come.Clinical Rehabilitation,31(8), 995-1004. doi:10.1177/0269215517709890 Williams, L., Gorman, R., Hankerson, S. (2014). Implementing a mental health ministry committee in faith-based organizations: the promoting emotional wellness and spirituality program.Social work in health care,53(4), 414-434. 414-434. doi:10.1080/00981389.2014.880391